She invented algebra, changed physics and charmed Einstein (6 photos)

Representatives of the weaker half in the exact sciences are few. Historically, mathematics, physics and other areas - it is exclusively the realm of male scientists. But there were also exceptions. Yes what else.





So, Emmy Noether is the mother of abstract algebra. Girl was born in the Bavarian city of Erlangen in 1882. Father Max Noether at that time had already achieved some success in this area.

Emmy herself, unlike most child geniuses, was an ordinary baby and was interested in dolls as a child, not equations. AND loved to dance.

By the age of 18, the girl ideally mastered German and French, which allowed her, after passing the exam, to become a teacher at women's courses. But Emmy decided not to stop there and became a free student at the University of Erlangen. Why free? Official education for girls at that time was still banned.



Emmy Noether

The turning point in the life of a student was the winter of 1903-1904 of the year. At the University of Göttingen, she attended a course of several eminent teachers, who determined the course of development of the exact sciences in last century.

At that time, the restrictions had already been lifted, and the girl, impressed lectures, became a student already officially. She set to work with all the enthusiasm and diligence. And after 4 years she made significant contribution to the theory of invariants and successfully defended her dissertation under by Paul Gordan.





David Gilbert

But after a while, Emmy herself called her nonsense research. However, everything is known in comparison. And her best accomplishments were ahead. Her research in abstract algebra interested in David Hilbert, the famous German mathematician who contributed significant contribution to the development of its most diverse areas. But even authoritative the scientist could not convince the university administration and force them hire Noether officially. All because of the same sexual sign. Hilbert was perplexed and sincerely indignant at what the floor could influence the occupation of an academic position. After all, this is not a bath, after all.



First page of the landmark work

But Emmy herself was not discouraged. In 1918 she proved the theorem united the laws of symmetry of physical systems and the laws of conservation energy. Based on one of the most abstract areas of mathematics - the theory infinite continuous groups, called Lie groups, mathematician made key conclusions regarding the homogeneity of time and space. Subsequently, they will be repeatedly resorted to in the formation physical picture of the environment.



Albert Einstein

Continuing to teach, Emmy finally got her official bet. To refuse would have been incredible disgusting, since in 1921 In the same year, a woman published a work that became the basis of general algebra. The topic of the study was commutative rings and ideals.

The woman worked in Göttingen for almost 20 years. Supervised about 10 students, becoming their supervisor. Among the boys Noether, as they were called, there was also one girl - Greta Herman, who in in the future will make a significant contribution to the development of computer algebra.

Yes, she knows her stuff. So he spoke about the woman Albert Einstein, when Emmy helped him in one of the controversial moments of his general theory of relativity - an apparent violation of the law conservation of energy due to the fact that gravitational energy can itself itself to be the source of gravity. Emmy proved the self name theorem which has become one of the cornerstones of modern physics. Noether's theorem is often compared to the Pythagorean theorem.



Emmy Noether

In 1933, clouds gathered over the head of the mathematician. To power the Nazis came, and Noether was Jewish. Emmy interacted with mathematicians from the USSR, and an old friend Pavel Alexandrov even tried knock out a rate for her at Moscow State University. But nothing came of it, and to avoid death, Emmy had to leave for the United States.

There she lectured at Women's College and Princeton. IN She died in 1935 from postoperative complications. cremated, and the ashes buried at the walls of the library of Bryn Mawr College.

Thanks to extraordinary Noether's approach and deep thinking changed entire fields of science.